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Define Gambling In Spanish

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Look up the English to Spanish translation of gambling in the PONS online dictionary. Includes free vocabulary trainer, verb tables and pronunciation function.

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  1. Spanish Translation of 'gambling' The official Collins English-Spanish Dictionary online. Over 100,000 Spanish translations of English words and phrases.
  2. May 03, 2011 SpanishDict is the world's largest online Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and reference tool.

Gambling in Macau has been legal since the 1850s when the Portuguese government legalised the activity in the colony. Since then, Macau has become known worldwide as the 'Monte Carlo of the Orient'.

Gambling tourism is Macau's biggest source of revenue, making up about 50% of the economy. Visitors are made up largely of Chinese nationals from the mainland and Hong Kong. With the entry of large foreign casinos from Las Vegas and Australia, Macau overtook the Las Vegas Strip in gaming revenues in 2007.

Until Western-style casino games were introduced in the 20th century, only Chinese games were played, the most popular being Fan-Tan. Generally, gambling in Macau can be divided into three different categories: casino games, horse racing and greyhound racing. There is also sports betting and a number of lotteries. At the present time, Macau does not license online gaming operations.

Contents

  • 3Gambling forms

History

In an attempt to generate revenues for the government, gambling in Macau was legalised in 1847. In the late 19th century, the government introduced a licensing system for the fantan houses (Chinese gambling houses). It is reported that over 200 gambling houses were required to pay gambling rent to the government.[1] The second casino monopoly concession was granted to the Tai Heng[2] Company in 1937.[3] The company was, however, too conservative to fully exploit the economic potential of gambling. The industry saw a major breakthrough in 1962 when the government granted the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM), a syndicate jointly formed by Hong Kong and Macau businessmen, the monopoly rights to all forms of gambling. The STDM introduced western-style games and modernised the marine transport between Macau and Hong Kong, bringing millions of gamblers from Hong Kong every year.[1] The license was extended in 1986 for another 15 years but expired at the end of 2001.

Macau seceded from the Portuguese in 1999 and became part of the People's Republic of China. During this transition, there were no changes to gambling policy in Macau.[4]

In 2002, the Macau government ended the monopoly system and 3 (later 6) casino operating concessions (and subconcessions) are granted to Sociedade de Jogos de Macau (SJM, an 80% owned subsidiary of STDM), Wynn Resorts, Las Vegas Sands, Galaxy Entertainment Group, the partnership of MGM Mirage and Pansy Ho Chiu-king, and the partnership of Melco and PBL. Today, there are 16 casinos operated by the STDM, and they are still crucial in the casino industry in Macau, but in 2004, the opening of the Sands Macau ushered in the new era.

Economic aspects

The so-called 'Monte Carlo of the Orient,' Macau's economy relies heavily on gambling. Nowadays, the gambling industry generates over 40% of the GDP of Macau. Since the early 1960s, around 50% of Macau's official revenue has been driven by gambling. The percentage remained steady until the late 1990s. In 1998, 44.5% of total government revenue was produced by the direct tax on gambling. Then there was a 9.1% decrease in 1999, probably due to internet gaming. After the handover of the Macau from Portugal to China, the SAR released gambling licenses to other companies in order to eliminate the monopoly played by the STDM. In 2002, the government signed concession contracts with two Macau gaming companies, Wynn Resort Ltd. and Galaxy Casino. This opened the gambling market for competition and increased government tax revenue significantly. It also attracted more tourists to Macau. At this moment, according to official statistics, gambling taxes form 70% of Macau's government income.[5]

However, the gambling industry is also a source of instability in the Macau economy, as the nature of gambling business is not susceptible to technological advancement or productivity growth. The gambling business is still dependent on the prosperity of other Asian economies, especially that of Hong Kong.

Gambling forms

Define Gambling In Spanish

Gaming policy

Detailed law is enforced in Macau to ensure 'qualified operation of gambling' in Macau. The details are listed in Law 16/2001 (regime jurídico da exploração de jogos de fortuna ou azar em casino), and other laws regulating the activity of gaming promoters and credit for gaming.

The Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (known as DICJ) is the main government unit that oversees the operation of different gaming activities.

Define gambling in spanish language

Under Macau law, it stated that a permit issued by the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau is required for the operation of lotteries sales, lucky draw or similar activities, and the initial procedure in the application on the operation of lotteries sales, lucky draw or similar activities is to submit a notification to the relevant government department 10 days prior to the application.

Casinos

Macau has 33 casinos, of which the biggest is The Venetian Macau. 23 casinos are located on the Macau Peninsula and 10 casinos on Taipa Island. They all operate under a government franchise and under a common set of rules.

Many forms of gambling are legal there, such as blackjack, baccarat, roulette, boule, Sic bo, Fan Tan, keno and slot machines.

Poker was introduced only in August 2007, in an electronic table format at Galaxy Starworld casino. The first live poker tournament was the Asia Pacific Poker Tour Macau event in November 2007. Shortly thereafter, in January 2008, the government of Macau published the official rules for Texas hold 'em poker games in Macau. In February 2008, Grand Lisboa Casino added the first live-dealer cash game tables in Macau. In May 2008, 'PokerStars Macau' opened at Grand Waldo Casino. In November 2008, Texas Holdem' Poker opened at Wynn Macau and the 'Learn to Play' table is available. 'PokerStars Macau' moved to a new location at the Grand Lisboa Casino in March 2009. Today, Wynn Macau, Venetian, Hard Rock Casino, StarWorld and Grand Lisboa Casinos offer live-dealer cash game poker tables, and only Grand Lisboa Casino has live poker tournaments every weekend.

Gambling has been legal in Macau for a long time beginning in 1851 where there was a licensing system for gambling houses until 1863. Beginning in 1934, casinos' ownership and operation was centralised where through private negotiations, some franchises monopolised the operation right of all casinos. The casino industry has been controlled by the STDM monopoly for 39 years but, this changed in 2001 when casino licenses were offered to other casino operators, including American companies such as Las Vegas Sands (Sheldon Adelson) and Wynn Resorts (Steve Wynn) and then later on 18 May 2004, the Sands Macau casino opened near the Macau Ferry Terminal.

List of Casinos in Macau
NameOpening HoursSizeSpecial Features
Casino Lisboa24 hours107 slots and 146 table games (190,000 sq ft)Hotel with 1,000 rooms and 6 restaurants
Casa Real Casino24 hours123 slots and 53 table games (36,000 sq ft)Hotel with 381 rooms and 2 restaurants
Grandview Casino24 hours51 table gamesHotel with 407 rooms and 2 restaurants
Casino Macau Palace24 hours51 slots and 12 table games (11,120 sq ft)None
Altira Macau24 hours550 slots and 220 table gamesHotel with 216 VIP rooms
Jai Alai Casino24 hours208 slots and 61+ table games, 4 VIP rooms (67,075 sq ft)None
Kam Pek Casino24 hours71 slots and 24 table games; 4 VIP rooms (34,320 sq ft)None
Kingsway Hotel & Casino12:00 pm – 4:00 am20 slots and 8 table games (11,755 sq ft)Hotel with 410 rooms
Grand Lapa Hotel12:00 pm – 4:00 am59 slots and 11 table games (12,140 sq ft)Hotel with 437 rooms and 6 restaurants
Mocha Clubs24 hours1000 slots (number of tables unknown)None
New Century Hotel & Casino24 hours19 table gamesHotel with 554 rooms
The Legend Club24 hours108 slots and 12 table games; 1 VIP room (15,000 sq ft)None
Sands Macao24 hours405 slots and 270 gaming tables (165,000 sq ft)51 suite VIP hotel
Golden Dragon Casino24 hours137 slots, 123 gaming machines and 85 gaming tables, 15 VIP rooms483 deluxe guest rooms including 84 harbour view rooms and 45 signature suites
Greek Mythology Casino24 hours228 tables (to be upgraded to 500), 100 slot machines (160,000 sq ft)554 rooms at the New Century Hotel
MGM Grand Macau24 hours345 gaming tables and 1035 slot machines600 room hotel
Wynn Macau24 hours375 slot machines and 212 gaming tables (246,000 sq ft)Integrated resort with 600 rooms and restaurants
The Venetian Macao, Cotai strip24 hours3400 slot machines and 800 gaming tables (550,000 square feet of casino space)Integrated resort with 3000 suites, convention and retail space
Babylon Casino – Fisherman's Wharf1100–2300
Casino Crystal Palace at Hotel Lisboa36 slots (14,100 sq ft)Makccarat tables
Diamond Casino at Holiday Inn6 + 1 VIP Room, 32 slot machines (6,900 sq ft)
Emperor Palace Casino64 gaming table on 3 floors of casino concourse & 8 VIP Halls, 365 slot machines
Fortuna Casino35 gaming tables
Galaxy Rio Casino80 tables, 150 slots, 4 VIP rooms450 rooms, 65 suites
Galaxy Starworld24 Hours300 tables, 371 slotsStarWorld Hotel
Galaxy Waldo Hotel and Casino24 Hours63 tables, 8 VIP rooms, 100 slots161 rooms
Pharaoh's Palace Casino24 Hours109 tables 5 VIP rooms, 383 slots (9000 sq ft)3 Presidential suites, 448 Rooms and Suites at The Landmark
Ponte 1624 Hours150 tables, 5 VIP halls and 20 rooms
Casino Marina at Tapia20 tables, 4 VIP rooms, 37 slots 45,900312 rooms and suites at Marina Hotel
Crown Casino, Taipa – u/c220 (80 VIP), 183,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) gaming space 500 slots
MJC Casino, Taipa19 tables, 2 VIP rooms, 15,800 sq ft (1,470 m2)3 Deluxe Rooms and 22 Junior Suites and 1 Presidential Suite and 352 Standard Rooms and 26 Suites
City of Dreams24 Hours420,000-square-foot (39,000 m2) gaming floor containing 550 gaming tables and 1500 machines; 85,000 square feet (7,900 m2) of retail space; Theatre of Dreams (1,700 seaters)366 room Hard Rock Hotel and 290 suites Crown Towers Hotel, Cotai. Grand Hyatt Macau (971 rooms).
Galaxy Cotai Mega Resort, Cotai. Has been opened since May 2011450 tables, 1000 slot2000 hotel rooms, 50 restaurants, an artificial beach, a wave pool
Galaxy Grand Waldo, Cotai168 tables, 25 machines, 350 slots (120000 sq ft)
Macau Studio City – planned, Cotai500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of gaming facilities comprising more than 400 gaming tables
Casino Oceanus32,000 m2 on 3 floors containing 269 gaming tables and 569 machines[6]special facade, closest casino to the ferry terminal directly connected by a pedestrian bridge

Horse racing

Other than casinos, there is betting at the Macau Jockey Club and the dog-racing Canidrome.

Horse-racing mainly takes place every Tuesday and Saturday or Sunday at the race-course on the Taipa Island of Macau. The race-course has an area of 450,000 square metres and 18,000 seats for gamblers, and is open only for people over 18 years of age.

Define

The Macau Jockey Club was formerly the Macau Trotting Club. In 1991, it was acquired by a consortium led by Stanley Ho. The Macau Jockey Club is one of the largest private employers of Macau with around 1,400 employees and around 1,100 part-timers.

Some statistics for horse racing in Macau
YearNumber of Visitorsoverall betting turnover
89/90268,561462,642,000
90/91305,957637,308,000
91/92349,845979,940,000
92/93353,7301,296,616,000
93/94324,9531,296,133,000
94/95367,1851,521,334,000
95/96376,4872,285,331,000
96/97352,4402,635,168,000
97/98369,9573,421,173,000
98/99325,4443,576,040,000
99/00306,3193,567,430,000
00/01284,5694,019,742,000
01/02330,2983,263,321,000
02/03308,1683,297,540,000

Ways of betting

  • On-course Betting

There are over 210 betting terminals 'on-course'. All terminals can perform sell and pay functions. Punters may bet in Hong Kong dollars or Macau patacas. Bets are accepted up to the start of each race. Punters may place a bet by oral instructions or by filling a ticket.

  • Off-course Betting

There are over 80 betting terminals in the Off-Course Betting Centres. 14 Off-course Betting Centres are located in popular districts of Macau and Taipa.

  • Internet betting

The Internet betting service commenced on 20 September 2003. Customers can review the Club's internet betting website at www.macauhorsebet.com.

  • Telephone Services

There are over 600 telephone service terminals and a total of over 38,000 telebet accounts. The winning dividend of account holders may at their instructions be automatically transferred to their bank accounts.

  • Fast Access Terminals (FAT)

Launched in June 1997, the personal betting terminal, FAT (Fast Access Terminal) offers betting, calculation of bet units, record tracking of bets, account enquiry, withdrawal instructions and other related information on races such as declaration and race-odds. Close to 1,000 customers are currently using FAT.

Gambling In Spanish Slang

  • Hong Kong Service Centres

Three service centres are now set up in Hong Kong including Shaukeiwan Service Centre, Sheung Wan Service Centre and Mongkok Service Centre.

Greyhound Racing

Greyhound Racing takes place at the Canidrome on Avenida General Castelo Branco (see image above for the location of the canidrome). These races are held on Mondays, Thursdays, Fridays and weekends starting from 7:45 pm and there are 16 games on every racing evenings. Admission is MOP$10 (usable for betting) for the public stand. Boxes are MOP$80 (Monday to Thursday) and MOP$120 (Friday to Sunday and Public Holidays) with a minimum charge of MOP$30 per person. Bar, snack-bars and restaurant facilities are available.

Players can bet inside the greyhound racing centre, or in off-course betting centres located in the Hotel Lisboa, Jai-Alai Palace and Kam Pek Casino.

Define

Gaming policy

Detailed law is enforced in Macau to ensure 'qualified operation of gambling' in Macau. The details are listed in Law 16/2001 (regime jurídico da exploração de jogos de fortuna ou azar em casino), and other laws regulating the activity of gaming promoters and credit for gaming.

The Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (known as DICJ) is the main government unit that oversees the operation of different gaming activities.

Under Macau law, it stated that a permit issued by the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau is required for the operation of lotteries sales, lucky draw or similar activities, and the initial procedure in the application on the operation of lotteries sales, lucky draw or similar activities is to submit a notification to the relevant government department 10 days prior to the application.

Casinos

Macau has 33 casinos, of which the biggest is The Venetian Macau. 23 casinos are located on the Macau Peninsula and 10 casinos on Taipa Island. They all operate under a government franchise and under a common set of rules.

Many forms of gambling are legal there, such as blackjack, baccarat, roulette, boule, Sic bo, Fan Tan, keno and slot machines.

Poker was introduced only in August 2007, in an electronic table format at Galaxy Starworld casino. The first live poker tournament was the Asia Pacific Poker Tour Macau event in November 2007. Shortly thereafter, in January 2008, the government of Macau published the official rules for Texas hold 'em poker games in Macau. In February 2008, Grand Lisboa Casino added the first live-dealer cash game tables in Macau. In May 2008, 'PokerStars Macau' opened at Grand Waldo Casino. In November 2008, Texas Holdem' Poker opened at Wynn Macau and the 'Learn to Play' table is available. 'PokerStars Macau' moved to a new location at the Grand Lisboa Casino in March 2009. Today, Wynn Macau, Venetian, Hard Rock Casino, StarWorld and Grand Lisboa Casinos offer live-dealer cash game poker tables, and only Grand Lisboa Casino has live poker tournaments every weekend.

Gambling has been legal in Macau for a long time beginning in 1851 where there was a licensing system for gambling houses until 1863. Beginning in 1934, casinos' ownership and operation was centralised where through private negotiations, some franchises monopolised the operation right of all casinos. The casino industry has been controlled by the STDM monopoly for 39 years but, this changed in 2001 when casino licenses were offered to other casino operators, including American companies such as Las Vegas Sands (Sheldon Adelson) and Wynn Resorts (Steve Wynn) and then later on 18 May 2004, the Sands Macau casino opened near the Macau Ferry Terminal.

List of Casinos in Macau
NameOpening HoursSizeSpecial Features
Casino Lisboa24 hours107 slots and 146 table games (190,000 sq ft)Hotel with 1,000 rooms and 6 restaurants
Casa Real Casino24 hours123 slots and 53 table games (36,000 sq ft)Hotel with 381 rooms and 2 restaurants
Grandview Casino24 hours51 table gamesHotel with 407 rooms and 2 restaurants
Casino Macau Palace24 hours51 slots and 12 table games (11,120 sq ft)None
Altira Macau24 hours550 slots and 220 table gamesHotel with 216 VIP rooms
Jai Alai Casino24 hours208 slots and 61+ table games, 4 VIP rooms (67,075 sq ft)None
Kam Pek Casino24 hours71 slots and 24 table games; 4 VIP rooms (34,320 sq ft)None
Kingsway Hotel & Casino12:00 pm – 4:00 am20 slots and 8 table games (11,755 sq ft)Hotel with 410 rooms
Grand Lapa Hotel12:00 pm – 4:00 am59 slots and 11 table games (12,140 sq ft)Hotel with 437 rooms and 6 restaurants
Mocha Clubs24 hours1000 slots (number of tables unknown)None
New Century Hotel & Casino24 hours19 table gamesHotel with 554 rooms
The Legend Club24 hours108 slots and 12 table games; 1 VIP room (15,000 sq ft)None
Sands Macao24 hours405 slots and 270 gaming tables (165,000 sq ft)51 suite VIP hotel
Golden Dragon Casino24 hours137 slots, 123 gaming machines and 85 gaming tables, 15 VIP rooms483 deluxe guest rooms including 84 harbour view rooms and 45 signature suites
Greek Mythology Casino24 hours228 tables (to be upgraded to 500), 100 slot machines (160,000 sq ft)554 rooms at the New Century Hotel
MGM Grand Macau24 hours345 gaming tables and 1035 slot machines600 room hotel
Wynn Macau24 hours375 slot machines and 212 gaming tables (246,000 sq ft)Integrated resort with 600 rooms and restaurants
The Venetian Macao, Cotai strip24 hours3400 slot machines and 800 gaming tables (550,000 square feet of casino space)Integrated resort with 3000 suites, convention and retail space
Babylon Casino – Fisherman's Wharf1100–2300
Casino Crystal Palace at Hotel Lisboa36 slots (14,100 sq ft)Makccarat tables
Diamond Casino at Holiday Inn6 + 1 VIP Room, 32 slot machines (6,900 sq ft)
Emperor Palace Casino64 gaming table on 3 floors of casino concourse & 8 VIP Halls, 365 slot machines
Fortuna Casino35 gaming tables
Galaxy Rio Casino80 tables, 150 slots, 4 VIP rooms450 rooms, 65 suites
Galaxy Starworld24 Hours300 tables, 371 slotsStarWorld Hotel
Galaxy Waldo Hotel and Casino24 Hours63 tables, 8 VIP rooms, 100 slots161 rooms
Pharaoh's Palace Casino24 Hours109 tables 5 VIP rooms, 383 slots (9000 sq ft)3 Presidential suites, 448 Rooms and Suites at The Landmark
Ponte 1624 Hours150 tables, 5 VIP halls and 20 rooms
Casino Marina at Tapia20 tables, 4 VIP rooms, 37 slots 45,900312 rooms and suites at Marina Hotel
Crown Casino, Taipa – u/c220 (80 VIP), 183,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) gaming space 500 slots
MJC Casino, Taipa19 tables, 2 VIP rooms, 15,800 sq ft (1,470 m2)3 Deluxe Rooms and 22 Junior Suites and 1 Presidential Suite and 352 Standard Rooms and 26 Suites
City of Dreams24 Hours420,000-square-foot (39,000 m2) gaming floor containing 550 gaming tables and 1500 machines; 85,000 square feet (7,900 m2) of retail space; Theatre of Dreams (1,700 seaters)366 room Hard Rock Hotel and 290 suites Crown Towers Hotel, Cotai. Grand Hyatt Macau (971 rooms).
Galaxy Cotai Mega Resort, Cotai. Has been opened since May 2011450 tables, 1000 slot2000 hotel rooms, 50 restaurants, an artificial beach, a wave pool
Galaxy Grand Waldo, Cotai168 tables, 25 machines, 350 slots (120000 sq ft)
Macau Studio City – planned, Cotai500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of gaming facilities comprising more than 400 gaming tables
Casino Oceanus32,000 m2 on 3 floors containing 269 gaming tables and 569 machines[6]special facade, closest casino to the ferry terminal directly connected by a pedestrian bridge

Horse racing

Other than casinos, there is betting at the Macau Jockey Club and the dog-racing Canidrome.

Horse-racing mainly takes place every Tuesday and Saturday or Sunday at the race-course on the Taipa Island of Macau. The race-course has an area of 450,000 square metres and 18,000 seats for gamblers, and is open only for people over 18 years of age.

The Macau Jockey Club was formerly the Macau Trotting Club. In 1991, it was acquired by a consortium led by Stanley Ho. The Macau Jockey Club is one of the largest private employers of Macau with around 1,400 employees and around 1,100 part-timers.

Some statistics for horse racing in Macau
YearNumber of Visitorsoverall betting turnover
89/90268,561462,642,000
90/91305,957637,308,000
91/92349,845979,940,000
92/93353,7301,296,616,000
93/94324,9531,296,133,000
94/95367,1851,521,334,000
95/96376,4872,285,331,000
96/97352,4402,635,168,000
97/98369,9573,421,173,000
98/99325,4443,576,040,000
99/00306,3193,567,430,000
00/01284,5694,019,742,000
01/02330,2983,263,321,000
02/03308,1683,297,540,000

Ways of betting

  • On-course Betting

There are over 210 betting terminals 'on-course'. All terminals can perform sell and pay functions. Punters may bet in Hong Kong dollars or Macau patacas. Bets are accepted up to the start of each race. Punters may place a bet by oral instructions or by filling a ticket.

  • Off-course Betting

There are over 80 betting terminals in the Off-Course Betting Centres. 14 Off-course Betting Centres are located in popular districts of Macau and Taipa.

  • Internet betting

The Internet betting service commenced on 20 September 2003. Customers can review the Club's internet betting website at www.macauhorsebet.com.

  • Telephone Services

There are over 600 telephone service terminals and a total of over 38,000 telebet accounts. The winning dividend of account holders may at their instructions be automatically transferred to their bank accounts.

  • Fast Access Terminals (FAT)

Launched in June 1997, the personal betting terminal, FAT (Fast Access Terminal) offers betting, calculation of bet units, record tracking of bets, account enquiry, withdrawal instructions and other related information on races such as declaration and race-odds. Close to 1,000 customers are currently using FAT.

Gambling In Spanish Slang

  • Hong Kong Service Centres

Three service centres are now set up in Hong Kong including Shaukeiwan Service Centre, Sheung Wan Service Centre and Mongkok Service Centre.

Greyhound Racing

Greyhound Racing takes place at the Canidrome on Avenida General Castelo Branco (see image above for the location of the canidrome). These races are held on Mondays, Thursdays, Fridays and weekends starting from 7:45 pm and there are 16 games on every racing evenings. Admission is MOP$10 (usable for betting) for the public stand. Boxes are MOP$80 (Monday to Thursday) and MOP$120 (Friday to Sunday and Public Holidays) with a minimum charge of MOP$30 per person. Bar, snack-bars and restaurant facilities are available.

Players can bet inside the greyhound racing centre, or in off-course betting centres located in the Hotel Lisboa, Jai-Alai Palace and Kam Pek Casino.

Gambling and society

The casino industry is viewed by some as harmful to society. A high crime rate was one of the biggest problems that Macau's colonial Portuguese government had to face. Since Macau's return to China's rule in 1999, the public security situation has markedly improved. With the growth of the casino industry, a business called 'bate-ficha' was developed and it is usually run by different triad societies. The bate-ficha business is an element of triad involvement in Macau's gambling industry. Bate-ficha involves selling customers 'dead chips' that cannot be exchanged for cash in the casinos, but only by bate-ficha men or women, who are officially known as 'gaming promoters' or 'middlemen.' for a commission. (See external link below for a more detailed explanation of bate-ficha).

Triad involvement in Macau casinos makes a serious social impact on the local area. It attracts the attention of Chinese gangsters, whose deadly battles over the fortunes to be made from racketeering and extortion in the territory are a continuing problem. As different triad societies compete for controlled territory in the casinos and on the streets, disputes between societies occur from time to time. These are often settled in violent ways. Even worse, triad societies have grown so powerful in Macau that there was a trend that people tried to seek help from these societies rather than from the police. Although the situation has improved since the 1999 handover to China, the problem is still entrenched in the local area.

See also

References

  1. ^ abChan, S. S. (2000). The Macau Economy. Macau: Publications Centre, University of Macau. ISBN99937-26-03-6.
  2. ^'Macau Gaming Summary'. UNLV Center for Gaming Research. http://gaming.unlv.edu/abstract/macau.html. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  3. ^Macau Yearbook 2007. Government Information Bureau of the Macau SAR. 2007. ISBN978-99937-56-09-5.
  4. ^'All you need to know, Macau Hotel'. Gambling Info. http://www.gamblinginfo.com/60_Guide_Macau.htm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  5. ^Bloomberg, Macau Casinos Top Las Vegas as Adelson, Wynn, Battle Stanley Ho, 1 March 2007
  6. ^video on www.oceanus.asia
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Define Gambling In Spanish Translation

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